According to canon law, merchandise cannot be lawfully sold 'whole and unaltered' at a profit. In the Middle Ages this principle was extended from physical improvement of goods by craftsmen to include merchants' improvement of goods by transportation and storage. These forms of improvement...

The Handbook of Economics and Ethics portrays an understanding of economic methodology in which facts and values, though distinct, are closely interconnected in a variety of ways. From theory building to data collection, and from modelling to policy evaluation, this encyclopaedic Handbook is at...

This paper examines some of Martin Luther's economic ideas from a largely neglected point of view. Religious issues naturally dominated his writings. When he turned to economic subjects, his primary focus was on the usurious practices of the banks and trading companies of his times. His...