Sweden and Spain have developed very distinct systems of innovation over the long term. The former has a highly innovative economy while the latter drags serious problems in science and technology. However, during the first half of the nineteenth century both countries were latecomers to the...

In this paper the critical nature of science, technology and innovations were established. The fundamental and unique roles for sustainable industrial and economic development were also discussed. The complex and multifaceted innovation systems and their interactive network (i.e. actors and...

Scientific knowledge is crucial to opening up new possibilities for major technological advances. However, the role of science has not been regarded as important in the innovations leading to modern steelmaking. In addition, how did science begin to play an important role? Mokyr focuses on the...