many atomistic smallholders and a few exporters. The model provides the tools needed to simulate the changes in farm …

their land, struggle to efficiently manage or hold on to their woodlots in the long term. Thus, even when it is smallholders …

favored plantations and discriminated against smallholders in the colonial states, especially provision of cheap land and … changed so that by the end of the 20th century, smallholders overwhelmingly dominated perennial crop exports, except possibly …-run trend toward smallholders, but much depends on local political economy. …

In southwestern Ethiopia honey is a non-timber forest product that provides income for many smallholders. Some of these … access premium markets. Since both production and marketing depend crucially on the forest, both smallholders and the company … have an interest in preserving the forest. An important question is whether smallholders also benefit economically from …