and have a lower average product of capital than non-SOEs. These productivity differences increased between 2002 and 2009 … potential productivity gains from reforms which could equalize the marginal products of listed SOEs and listed non-SOEs …

The paper analyzes the impact of institutions on the labor productivity of small and medium-sized private enterprises … improvement boosts labor productivity of domestic private enterprises through a horizontal and forward spillover channel from SOEs …. Through the backward spillover channel from SOEs, how institutional improvement affects the labor productivity depends on the …

India maintained productivity when it became the owner of railways. Government ownership influenced certain areas of … ownership on productivity and other aspects of operations. We rely on a key feature of the institutional background whereby the … Government of India purchased a majority ownership stake in private railways at predetermined dates set by contracts negotiated …