flexible competition patterns among all players. Second, for chains, it incorporates the scale economies that arise from …

We develop a two-sector model of monopolistic competition with a differentiated intermediate good and variable … increasing returns. We disentangle two sources of scale economies: specialization and competition. The former depends only on how … across inputs. This distinction gives rise to a full characterization of the rich array of competition regimes in our model …

function cannot be used to infer the degree of competition. Only an unscaled revenue equation yields a valid measure for … findings are confirmed by an empirical analysis of competition in the banking industry, based on a sample covering more than …

range from 5% to 10%. To measure competition directly, we apply a novel approach that estimates the impact of marginal costs … as indicator of inefficiency on either market shares or profits. Over time, competition in health insurance has increased … fall in the average level of competitive pressure. After the reform, competition continued to improve. In the non …

This report assesses the impact of digitalisation on competition by examining the evolution of mark-ups and multifactor …