This paper examines the effect of national income on the total fertility rate (children born per woman). We estimate … the effects on fertility of shocks to national per capita income using plausibly exogenous variations in oil price shock … negative and significant effect on the total fertility rate. Looking at the entire spectrum of the fertility distribution, the …

There is considerable uncertainty about how reproductive factors affect child mortality. Joint determinants are … diverging results. According to very simple models estimated from DHS data from 28 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, mortality is … birth order, have high mortality. Net of such age and birth order differences, a short preceding birth interval is …