World War II brought with it a substantial increase in federal income tax rates, and introduced income tax withholding for wage income. Rates increased prior to withholding, so an examination of tax payments paid prior to and subsequent to withholding can offer some insight into the degree to...

This paper generalizes the standard model of how taxes affect the labor-leisure choice by allowing individuals to change both their labor supply and avoidance effort in response to tax changes. Doing so reveals that both the income and substitution effect of taxes depend on both preferences and...

Ignoring tax avoidance possibilities, a value-added tax and a cash-flow income tax have identical behavioral and distributional consequences. Yet the available means of tax avoidance under each are very different. Under a VAT, avoidance occurs through cross-border shopping, whereas under an...