We review the state of the labor market and employment practices in Japan over the past 15 years and try to evaluate … protection is actually stronger. This, along with wage restraint, accounts for why unemployment has only increased by some 2 …

with different equilibria descriptive of the labor markets in Spain and France, where the unemployment rates went from the … unemployment rate in Spain has jumped to much higher levels while switching between equilibria or, what is the same, because of …

cover pandemics have a change in trend and persistence in growth, and in level and persistence in unemployment. We find that … in recent times seem to have a permanent effect on growth. Moreover, our results show that the unemployment rate …