Using a dynamic efficiency wage model, where a Phillips curve appears because worker morale depends on the unemployment … on unemployment in two steady states. In one steady state, only structural unemployment occurs. In the other, not only … structural unemployment but also Keynesian unemployment arises. We find that the effects obtained in the former steady state …

stochastic general equilibrium models are unnecessary and impossible. Second, Keynes’ unemployment equilibrium is realized due to … market failure in the Walrasian economy. Therefore, involuntary unemployment is caused not by the price aspect but by …