Introduction -- Africa in the making of an IOW global economy -- Indian Ocean Africa in the first great upswing in the Indian Ocean World global economy, 300 BCE to 300 CE -- Economic instability, ca. 300 to 900 CE -- The second great boom in the IOW global economy ca. 850 to 1250 and its impact...

The Sahara-Sahel has seen recurrent episodes of instability. However, the recent Libyan and Malian crises have intensified the level of violence. These episodes have restructured the geopolitical and geographical dynamics of the region. Cross-border or regional, these contemporary crises require...