We estimate household equivalence scales using income satisfaction data from the German Socio-Economic Panel. We extend … previous studies applying this approach by taking reference income into account. This allows separating needs-based from … reference effects in the determination of income satisfaction. We show that this adjustment helps to overcome a bias causing an …

urban-rural residence and by income group. Three income groups are defined, referred to as income terciles, and thus … estimates were produced for a total of six groups - three income groups for the urban areas and three income groups for the … rural areas. This paper compares age profiles of consumption, labor income, and lifecycle deficit across the six groups for …