The important characteristic of international competition between developed and less developed countries is vertical product differentiation, where firms' quality choices represent strategic decisions. Unlike the previous literature, we allow for a leadership in quality choice and the...

This study is the first to show intercluster dynamics as important drivers of cluster growth. Authors draw upon two distinct views: the “regional competition” theory emphasizes the ensuing rivalry across global clusters; versus the “coopetition” view suggests mutually beneficial growth....

Internationalized production, that is, production in a country controlled by firms based in another country, grew from about 4.5% of world output in 1970 to over 7% in 1995. The importance of internationalized output fell substantially in developing countries until around 1990 but has been been...