This paper aims to provide understanding of the relative trade performances and technological competitiveness, with particular emphasis on product quality, innovation and skills. The firm-level case studies support the conclusions arising from the aggregate analysis. Germany spends more on...

This paper tests the pro-competitive effect of trade in the product and labour markets of UK manufacturing sectors between 1988 and 2003 using a two-stage estimation procedure. In the first stage, we use data on 9820 firms from twenty manufacturing sectors to simultaneously estimate mark-up and...