Transparency within universities and public research institutes is an element of significant relevance in the Italian context. Over the years, the need for greater transparency has prompted the legislator to regulate transparency obligations in order to ensure a minimum level of information...

We analyze a competitive research-oriented public program established in Spain, the Ramon y Cajal Program, intended to offer contracts in public research centers to high-quality researchers. We study the effects of the Program on the ex-post scientific productivity of its recipients, relative to...

Patenting by universities has seen a marked increase in the past two decades. According to the National Science Foundation (NSF), patents issued by the United States Patent Office (USPTO) to U.S. academic institutions more than doubled from 2,293 in 1996 to 5,990 in 2014, the most recent year...