. This development has tended to fuel the financial crisis even further in Spain. In Spain, however, whereas most savings …

Central banks have been considering the introduction of central bank digital currencies (CBDCs). The theoretical … financial stability. To provide empirical evidence on this debate, we study the effects of the arrival of a new central-bank … issued currency on commercial banks in a historical setup. We use the opening of the Bank of Canada in 1935 as a natural …

-to Capital Markets Union must in no way weaken the classic bank loan and bypass the needs of companies. What is important in the …