The complexity inherent in operations in the oil and gas industry, from complicated upstream, midstream and downstream processes such as exploratory magnetic, gravimetric and seismic surveying for hydrocarbon-bearing rock formations, exploratory drilling of wells, appraisal of prospective...

This proposal offers a unique solution for a unique challenge: using oil to pay for Venezuela’s debt. Venezuela and PDVSA’s creditors currently receive little in the way of coupon payments and have minimal means of recourse over limited assets located outside Venezuela’s borders. We...

We use the differential access to credit of oil firms in Venezuela's Orinoco Basin to identify the economic effects of financial and oil sanctions on firm output. Using a panel of monthly firm-level oil production from 2008-2020, we provide difference-in-differences estimates showing that...