use of collateral in bank loan contracts as well as the exist-ence of relational compared to arm's length lending. In this … neither confirm that a high priority for secured lenders explains an excessive use of collateral in bank loans nor that a … priority for inside collateral promotes relational lending. Regarding relational lending we point to variables lying outside …

identify two possible transmission channels from financial shocks to FDI: (i) a collateral channel, whereby changes in the … value of collateral affect investors’ ability to borrow; and (ii) a lending channel, whereby changes in bank health affect …

finance since the global financial crisis, including sources of credit, lender types, and collateral types. First, SMEs … age, and export participation. Fourth, personal assets of SME owners tend to matter more as collateral for SME borrowing … from banks than other collateral types. Improving credit guarantee systems, enhancing monitoring and credit scoring by …