Qualitative models can be used for decision making under uncertainty. This provides a useful framework for evaluating the models. If the costs for every action/state of nature combination are known, decisions made using a well-calibrated model would result in actual costs being close to expected...

This paper evaluates the economic and environmental tradeoffs at watershed scale by incorporating both economic and environmental risks in agricultural production. The Target MOTAD model is modified by imposing a probability-constrained objective function to capture the yield uncertainty caused...

Agriculture operates in an uncertain environment. Yields, prices, and resource usage can change dramatically from year to year. However, most analyses of the agricultural sector, at least those using mathematical programming methods, assume decision making is based on average yields, ignoring...