Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the capabilities and characteristics of Turkish manufacturing firms that engage in outward FDI activity. To this end, the paper aims to explore how these firms' capabilities vary with the sample characteristics including subsidiary age,...

Explores the relationship between the firm characteristics and the control mechanisms in 85 multinational manufacturing companies operating in Turkey. Takes size, age and country of origin as firm characteristics. Control mechanisms include ownership, board of directors, top management team and...