persistent overtime at the subnational level in India and Pakistan. In the third and last essay, entitled, “School grants and …In the first essay, entitled “A subnational analysis of poverty convergence: Evidence from India and Pakistan”, I … distinct effects of poverty at the subnational level in India and Pakistan. In the second essay, entitled “A subnational …

In Pakistan, learning poverty among primary school aged children is estimated to be as high as 77 percent, but little … outcomes that are equivalent to having been in school nine months longer than children of similar ages in an average quality … classroom, suggesting that a sharper focus on teaching quality may improve early childhood development outcomes and school …

Quality early childhood education improves childhood development outcomes and has long-term implications for school … readiness, workforce participation, and economic growth. Despite this, in Pakistan, the net enrollment rate of children ages 3 … early childhood education by 2035, Pakistan must increase the amount of the education budget spent on early childhood …

This federal Public Expenditure Review (PER) analyzes the key drivers of Pakistan's fiscal deficits and explores how …