host countries. We used Facebook ads to recruit a panel of Ukrainian refugees in Europe, starting in June 2022. Six waves … carried out in 2022 and 2023 allow us to examine the causal impact of local conflict intensity on refugees' return intentions … and integration. We find that less than 10% of Ukrainian refugees express a desire to permanently settle abroad. While the …

What is the causal effect of conflict on refugees' return and integration? To answer this question, we launched a panel … survey of Ukrainian refugees across Europe in June 2022 and combined it with geocoded conflict data. Most refugees plan to …

How does violence in origin areas affect the educational outcomes of refugees in their destinations? Using …