For ridge regression the degrees of freedom are commonly calculated by the trace of the matrix that transforms the vector of observations on the dependent variable into the ridge regression estimate of its expected value. For a fixed ridge parameter this is unobjectionable. When the ridge...

type="main" xml:lang="en" <p>We extend Svensson's (1991b) analysis of the term structure of interest rate differentials in a target zone. First, the model includes a time-varying devaluation risk, and second, we analyse the term structure of interest differentials vis-a-vis Germany in five...</p>

Partial Least Squares as applied to models with latent variables, measured indirectly by indicators, is well-known to be inconsistent. The linear compounds of indicators that PLS substitutes for the latent variables do not obey the equations that the latter satisfy. We propose simple,...

Holly and Magnus [1988] show that the IV estimator in a linear equation is asymptotically as efficient as the ML estimator in the model that is obtained by "completing" this equation to a complete equations system. Their proof is long and involves many matrix manipulations. A simpler approach is...