White certificate obligations impose energy savings targets on energy companies and allow them to trade energy savings certificates. They can be seen as a means of internalizing energy-use externalities and addressing energy efficiency market failures. This paper reviews existing evaluations of...

The paper studies how the risks specific to a nuclear power investment in liberalised markets - regulatory, construction, operation and market risks - can be mitigated or transferred away from the plant investor through different contractual and organisational arrangements. It argues that at...

White certificate obligations impose energy savings targets on energy companies and allow them to trade energy savings certificates. They can be seen as a means of internalizing energy-use externalities and addressing energy efficiency market failures. This paper reviews existing evaluations of...