Since 1998, Singapore has had an Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) system set up with a network of toll gantries to tax vehicles entering designated areas in the city center during peak hours. Using the congestion rate hike with effect from November 1, 2010 as an exogenous shock, we test the effects...

This paper analyzes the effect of congestion toll rate change on the change of commuters' transport modal choice in Singapore's context. Amongst several alternatives that commuters can choose when they face increase of congestion tax, this study specifically tests the impact on the modal change...

Innovation in land transport management has revolutionised public and private transport in Singapore. The Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) is a good case study for this. Using Albury’s framework of public sector innovation, this paper investigates the sources, drivers, barriers and risks of the...