. This conclusion holds whether patients negotiate liability contracts directly with individual physicians or accept standard …

States have been enacting tort reforms to reduce the liability of physicians conducting malpractice. However, tort … reform may create a moral hazard because physicians may take less care due to reduced liability. This paper investigates … of physicians as well as patients. I look at insurers' post-reform revisions on loss reserves, which were the overall …

caps on recoveries in both tried and settled cases. We also found that physicians faced little personal exposure on … malpractice claims. Out-of-pocket payments (OOPPs) by physicians were rare and usually small. Physicians could reduce their … amount of insurance coverage purchased by physicians with paid claims declined substantially over 1988–1999, consistent with …