A number of questions remained unanswered with respect to the regulation of large financial institutions after the global financial crisis (GFC) of 2007-08. Some pressing issues have resurfaced in the context of the recent interest rate swap scandals. These events provided the opportunity to...

Approved in April 2004, the Directive 2004/39/EC (Markets in Financial Instruments Directive, or MiFID) radically innovates the community legislative framework on the offer of investment services. Notwithstanding the complexity and variety of the issues addressed, the objectives of MiFID are...

Astonishingly little attention has been paid in academic literature to the 2008-2009 foreign exchange (FX) options debacle in Poland, the scale of which was unheard of. It affected not only an individual organization but a significant part of economy, being an example of a situation in which...