We elaborate a systems approach to the nature of capital that develops the work of Menger and Lachmann (the "ML trajectory"). We propose a "layer cake" metaphor to capture the kernel of the ML approach and contrast it with the neoclassical metaphor of capital as an amorphous, homogeneous...

We examine Ralph W. Souter's defence, in the 1930s, of Marshall's Principles against Robbins' attempt to recast economics as a 'purely formal science of implications'. Souter elaborated on Marshall's invocations progressively to increase the realism of economic science and contrasted this...

Currency internationalization is examined from the vantage point of Friedrich Hayek's contributions in the 1970s. Compared with received commentaries in which only an idealized case for private money is attributed to Hayek, this paper underscores other dimensions of Hayek's work on money and...

We examine the inseparability of capital formation and economic organisation in capitalist economic systems. Capital possesses a complex, multilevel (micro, meso, macro) structure that is always in the process of transformation. Levels of the capital structure are interdependent and interactive....