Seit langem wächst der Welthandel deutlich stärker als das Weltsozialprodukt. Ein zunehmender Teil dieses Handels besteht dabei aus dem Austausch von Dienstleistungen. Auch die Direktinvestitionen, durch die ausländische Investoren in den jeweiligen Zielländern Unternehmen gründen,...

We empirically investigate the responsiveness of international trade to the stringency of environmental regulation. Stringent environmental regulation may impair the export competitiveness of ‘dirty’ domestic industries, and as a result, ‘pollution havens’ emerge in countries where...

This paper contributes to the debate on the effects of trade versus technological change on wage differentials. We propose an explanation of the stylized facts which is based on interactions between openness and technological change because of labor market institutions and government...

In the absence of an international agreement on climate policy, unilateral carbon abatement creates two problems: It tends to have a detrimental effect on domestic competitiveness, and it leads to an increase in carbon emissions abroad (leakage). This paper analyses two policies that have...