Two different willingness-to-pay responses are compared-willingness to pay to avoid loss of air quality and willingness to pay to obtain gains in air quality. Contingent valuation data were used to estimate bid functions for these two types of responses for visibility and health. Comparison of...

For production risk with identified physical causes, the nature of risk, production characteristics, risk preference, and prices determine optimal input use. Here, a two-way classification for pairs of inputs – each input as being risk increasing or decreasing and pairs as being risk...