Standards are replacing tariffs as the main trade barriers facing African agro-food exports. This book examines the challenges and opportunities that new public and private standards present to African countries - focusing on food safety, environmental and climate change, and social and labour...

1. Introduction -- 2. Structure of agriculture -- 3. The Food industry -- 4. Food value chains -- 5. The position of agriculture -- 6. Agricultural and trade policy -- 7. Markets -- 8. Consumers and consumption -- 9. Resources -- 10 Food supply -- 11. Disruptive or new potential trends.

Developing countries are concerned that multilateral tariff reductions will harm their agricultural sectors because of preference erosion. The findings in this report suggest that although this may indeed be a problem for some countries in some sectors, factors other than preferential schemes...

This paper provides an analysis of recent developments relating to the major nonfuel primary commodities (hereafter referred to as commodities) entering international trade. The unit value of manufactured exports in dollar terms also increased every year from 1972 to 1980; the rate of increase was 1...