The mechanics of bank lending to resident borrowers in foreign currency in order to buy properties for domestic currency is given. It is shown that a bank may open a virtual position in a foreign currency, even not having the foreign currency in its vaults. Herewith, virtual cash flows and...

Lending to corporates in foreign currencies can expose banks to substantial currency risk. Using global syndicated loan data, we find that a one-standard-deviation increase in exchange rate volatility increases loan spreads by approximately 20 basis points for loans made in a currency different...

Borrowing in foreign currency has historically induced a large currency mismatch on emerging economies' balance sheets, leading to financial instability and economic crises. Nonetheless, emerging market sovereigns still borrow a substantial amount in foreign currency. In fact, in this paper, we...