If realized return is not the ex-post realization of the ex-ante expectation, can we use average realized return to estimate the expected return? In text books, the authors treat realized return as a sample of return. In this paper, we redefine realized return and the ex-post return, and we...

We investigate the extent to which tests of financial asset pricing models may be biased by using properties of the data to construct the test statistics. Specifically, we focus on tests using returns to portfolios of common stock where portfolios are constructed by sorting on some empirically...