Real Exchange rate is an important player in the growth of the economy as it may lead to higher export by stabilizing currency value at any specific level. This study aims to analyze the determinants of real exchange rate in Pakistan. Time series data is collected from 1972 - 73 to 2012 - 13....

In this paper we analyse how the terms of trade (TOT) – the ratio of export prices to import prices – affect total factor productivity (TFP). We provide empirical macroeconomic evidence for the European Union countries based on the times series SVAR analysis and microeconomic evidence based...

This paper analyzes the macroeconomic adjustment in commodity-exporting countries to commodity price shocks. First, I estimate a heterogenous panel SVAR using data from 22 commodity-exporting economies spanning the period 1980-2017. I find that commodity terms of trade shocks are an important...