Conventional wisdom about the criminal justice system suggests that extralegal factors such as race or employment … imprisonment and unemployment and race. The model suggests that penal practices are shaped by the labor market conditions of a …

elective race is ascending, poised to become one of the dominant frameworks for understanding race in the United States …. Because we are in a period of transition, many Americans still are wedded to fairly traditional attitudes about race. For … these Americans, race is still an objective, easily ascertainable fact determined by the process of involuntary racial …

The South African apartheid system formally ended with the election of the African National Congress at the first all-race …