We fit CES and VES production functions to data from a numerical bottom-up optimization model of electricity supply with clean and dirty inputs. This approach allows for studying high shares of clean energy not observable today and for isolating mechanisms that impact the elasticity of...

A review of the experience of IEA countries after the oil crises in the 1970s, which initiated a surge of investments in renewables research and development. While use of renewables has grown rapidly, they still account for only a small portion of the IEA energy mix. This work examines policies...

The energy system of the European Union has suffered major changes in the recent years. High energy prices, increased energy security concerns and heavy reliance on gas, oil, and main combustibles coming from Russia have the three most important features of the EU energy sector in 2022. The...