The issue of unfunded public pension systems has moved to the centre of public debate all over the world. Unfortunately, a large part of the discussions have remained on a qualitative level. This book seeks to address this by providing detailed knowledge on modelling pension systems.

The issue of unfunded public pension systems have moved to the centre of public debate all over the world. Unfortunately, a large part of the discussions have remained on a qualitative level. This book seeks to address this by providing detailed knowledge on modelling pension systems.

A basic function of public pension systems is to guarantee a satisfactory old-age income for short-sighted low earners. In proportional (i.e., earnings-related) systems, this requires a sufficiently high contribution rate. At the same time, there should be a cap on the pension contribution base...

At the design of public pension systems, the designers frequently neglect that higher earners statistically live longer, and possibly also retire later. Since the first difference has recently been rising steeply, this negligence is less and less tolerable, especially with nonfinancial defined...