This article deals with financial accounting and financial strategy at Schneider during the period of early French industrialization. The charging of all capital expenditure to net income led both to an underestimation of assets and a reduction of distributable income. Schneider managed to...

In 2003, the IASB and the US FASB formed a Joint International Group (JIG) whose objective was to carry out a project originally untitled « Performance Reporting » establishing new international financial reporting standards for performance reporting. By envisaging the use of a comprehensive...

The real estate asset class is tangible, heterogeneous and illiquid. It gives a specific investment universe that needs to be understood by investors, because the uncertainties created by this universe compose the risk of real estate investment. We suggest modelling risks across a sum of risk...