Exploring the factors that affect energy intensity is a worthy research topic because a decline of energy intensity lowers greenhouse gas emissions and increases energy security. Therefore, using the World Bank data from 2000 to 2020, this study examined how industrialisation, trade openness,...

This paper examines the effects of trade liberalization on industrial development in Latin America. It suggests that there may be a tradeoff between static (X-efficiency, allocative efficiency) and dynamic efficiency effects, in particular, for countries that do not have a developed industrial...