Standardization reduces uncertainty faced by consumers when choosing products with unknown product quality, which should help those firms without an established brand name in the country of sale and from countries who do not themselves have a reputation for high quality products for the good in...

Five hundred and five Italian psychology and economics students took part in a tax compliance study testing the influence of detection rates (within subjects) and the between subjects variables of framing effects, instructions to behave instrumentally or not, degree choice and gender. The sample...

This paper explores the proposition that political parties reduce the ‘transaction costs’ of electoral participation. Political parties provide a low cost signal of a candidate's policies and personal characteristics and, in this way, reduce voters' information costs. With reference to...

Consumers evaluate product quality with information signals such as brand name giving an advantage to established firms over other firms even when introducing a new product. Another signal is 'country of origin' and, as high-income countries focus more heavily on higher quality goods, there is a...