The opening of formerly planned economies to the world has not only profound consequences for these Central and Eastern European economies. There are also substantial effects on the economies of Western Europe, resulting from enhanced price competition in product markets, migration and capital...

Increasing retirement ages in an automatic or scheduled way with increasing life expectancy at retirement is a popular pension policy response to continuous longevity improvements. The question addressed here is: to what extent is simply adopting this approach likely to fulfill the overall goals...