, from a copula framework, we obtain the conditional expectation and measure the exchange rate contribution to shock …

Did adoption of the gold standard exacerbate or diminish macroeconomic volatility? Supporters thought so, critics … thought not, and theory offers ambiguous messages. A hard exchange-rate regime such as the gold standard might limit monetary … shocks if it ties the hands of policy makers. But any decision to forsake exchange-rate flexibility might compromise shock …