In this paper, we estimate the speed of adjustment for firm level data. We introduce an extrinsic limitation to the model to test the impact on rate of adjustment. We find that extrinsic limitations have a significant impact on speed of adjustment

We investigate the capital structure of a large sample of corporations in 52 countries, focusing on the effects of macroeconomic and institutional characteristics on firms' dynamic behavior. We find that these characteristics affect both the optimal level of leverage and the adjustment process...