In this chapter we revisit the relationship between income and fertility. There is overwhelming empirical evidence that … fertility is negatively related to income in most countries at most times. Several theories have been proposed in the literature …

Only a few rich nations are currently at replacement levels of fertility and many are considerably below. We believe … that changes in the status of women are driving fertility change. At low levels of female status, women specialize in … household production and fertility is high. In an intermediate phase, women have increasing opportunities to earn a living …

Since the 1990s, India has seen robust economic growth, rising wages, steady fertility decline, increased urbanization …