One of the main challenges for life actuaries is modeling and predicting the future mortality evolution. To this end, several stochastic mortality models have been proposed in literature, starting from the pivotal approach of the Lee-Carter model. These models essentially use the ARIMA processes...

Emerging literature focuses on insurers' earnings management using estimated liability for unpaid claims, known as loss reserve. An insurance company generally uses the traditional estimation methods with linear estimation to measure loss reserve error, but those methods are often criticized for...