The Japanese government has advocated a wide range of policy measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from transportation, e.g. improvements of gas mileage, development of alternative fuel vehicles, shifts to walking, bicycles and public transportation for passenger transportation and to...

We examine two issues on duciary duty.First,what is the essential structure of duciary duty?Second,does duciary duty have elements of a mandatory rule? Concerning the rst question,the formation of a duciary relationship involves the di culty of writing a contract on the acts that the duciary has...

This paper studies the effect that a labour market for older workers will have on the ratchet effect. Even though we assume that the information on worker type that a firm obtains will not be transmitted to the other firms, the presence of the ex post labour market eliminates the ratchet effect....

In this chapter we look at the spatial distribution of economic activities in China and Japan. Japan has excellent data and relatively uniform institutions since World War II, which allow us to track its spatial evolution and detail its key features today. For Japan we show how structural shifts...