corruption where the judicial system is independent, this relationship has more ambiguous effects where the legal system is weak … and susceptible to politicization. These effects remain after controlling for standard determinants of corruption. …

resource-rich countries, the decision of host governments to expropriate these investments, and the level of corruption. Higher … production. Moreover, resource production leads to high levels of corruption. Our theoretical results are confirmed by … estimations of a simultaneous equation model for 50 resource-rich countries in which we endogenize expropriation risk, corruption …

-shaped or downward-sloping pattern. Corruption may affect this relationship in two distinct ways: by raising pollution at given … corruption on pollution. The indirect effect via income is positive or negative depending on the income level. If negative, the … corruption. Because this relationship is particularly strong at low income levels, developing countries can considerably improve …

This work provides a new way to analyze of the effect of electoral system and corruption: through its degree of …. But it is beneficial only up to certain proportionality degrees, after which the corresponding level of corruption begins …

We investigate corruption as a social dilemma by means of a bribery game in which a risk of collective sanction of the …' corruptibility but is not sufficient to eliminate the Tragedy of corruption that leads both firms and officials to earn less than in … the absence of corruption. …