We examine the patterns and correlates of the productivity gap between male-owned and female-owned firms for informal … enterprises in India. Female-owned firms are on average 45 per cent less productive than male-owned firms, with the clearest … productivity gaps observed at the lower end of the productivity distribution. Using decomposition methods, we find that about 73 …

trade-induced productivity gains (in this respect, however, India is an exception). These gains mainly stem from intra …. He focuses, in particular, on the effects of the 1991 trade reform in India since it provides an excellent controlled …-industry reallocation of resources among firms with different productivity levels. The gains are larger in import-competing sectors. There …