Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the perceptions of auditor independence between auditors, bank-loan officers, and financial analysts in Bahrain. Design/methodology/approach – This study examines the effect of 41 independence-enhancing and – threatening Factors on the...

Financial restatements may affect core earnings if the restatements involve revenue, cost of sales or ongoing expenses. Hence, restatements may impact information content of earnings. Using the earnings response coefficient (ERC) as a measure of the information content of earnings, we document a...