's (ESS) long fieldwork periods make it possible to compare the change in levels of interest in politics as election time … election and the distance to the next election are calculated for all cases in the database. The distance is then compared with … show that the distance from the last election and the distance to the next election are not correlated with a change in the …

In this paper we present a citizen-candidate model of representative democracy with endogenous lobbying. We find that … lobbying induces policy compromise and always affects equilibrium policy outcomes. In particular, even though the policy … preferences of lobbies are relatively extreme, lobbying biases the outcome of the political process toward the centre of the …

facilitate the ability of televised campaign negativity to influence the election returns. The primary new evidence is drawn from …