election. Campaign contributions received by challengers have a large impact on the election outcome but do not affect the … their chances of election, however, and affect their policy decisions on only one issue. Some evidence is presented that PAC …

campaigns: the type of judicial election and the competitiveness of the race. Thus, there appeared to be systematic differences …

In this paper, we present a citizen-candidate model of representative democracy with endogenous lobbying. We find that … lobbying induces policy compromise and always affects equilibrium policy outcomes. In particular, even though the policy … preferences of lobbies are relatively extreme, lobbying biases the outcome of the political process toward the center of the …

, lobbying, and electoral competition, as well as the possible interactions between these different forms of political activity …